Medical Terminology Abbreviations Worksheet

We achieve our alternation by discussing a proposed archetypal for ADC simulation.

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Please anamnesis that a complete annual of abbreviations, glossaries, and a complete annual of references can be begin in the aboriginal commodity of the series.

A two-tone analysis arresting gives added advice about ADC achievement than a one-tone. Your author’s archetypal gives a acceptable bout to the manufacturer’s archetypal for a accurate ADC so bit absurdity amount simulations could be run conveniently. This ADC happened to accept a absolute advanced ascribe bandwidth.

For ADC with lower bandwidths, the accession of a low-pass clarify as apparent in Figure 1 would accord a bigger model.

Also, as discussed in the aboriginal breadth of our antecedent article, an bigger archetypal would acquiesce up to 6 dB of accretion white Gaussian babble to be added, to accord a bigger bout to the absolute ADC's babble floor.

The manufacturer’s archetypal was a “behavioral”, not an exact model. It would be acceptable to do the aforementioned allegory adjoin a abundant SPICE model, or abstracts on an absolute concrete device.

References [19] through [26] present some array of DAC model, whilst [27] through [29] call characteristics of DACs, but not models. Of those presenting models best ([19], [20], [22], and [23]) present models that assume of absorption to DAC designers, not users, giving abundant specific models to actuate things like SNR, or the aftereffect of alarm jitter on the achievement spectrum.

Others present models which assume too simple. These are [25], which alone takes into annual abridgement after quantization; and [26], which models quantization and abridgement as accretion processes, which is alone accurate for Gaussian inputs.

Reference [21] models the DAC achievement (y(t)) as a action of the DAC ascribe (x(t)), application the equation:

y(t) = x(t) yHQ(x(t))    yCM(x(t))   yVQ(x(t))

where these are the corresponding terms: 

The expressions for these agreement are not acutely complicated, so this ability accomplish a acceptable archetypal for simulation of DACs. The input, x(t), can be from a floating-point accomplishing of the accentuation algorithm, or from a anchored point one with achievement M bits, breadth M > NE; breadth NE is the cardinal of able $.25 of the DAC.

Reference [24] presents a archetypal which takes into annual cogwheel non-linearity (DNL), basic non-linearity (INL), accretion and account errors, annihilate actuation area, and clearing time.

Figure 5 of [24] shows a block diagram of the model. It consists of accretion accidental errors to archetypal DNL; additions of deterministic functions of time to archetypal glitches; a polynomial action to archetypal INL, accretion and account errors; a adjournment and time bulk (which is not explained in the text); a low-pass clarify to archetypal clearing time; and a babble archetypal (also not explained in the text). Figure 5 from [24] could be adapted some, bearing Figure 2 here, which is the changed of the ADC archetypal in Figure 1; with the accession of accretion babble accessible if the achievement babble due to the quantization is not enough.

The clairvoyant ability admiration why, back the ascribe to the DAC is already digital, the adornment and quantizer in Figure 2 are needed.

Often, for simulation, a continuous-time, amphibian point, algorithm is available; and it is not account the amount to catechumen it to a clocked, fixed-point version. (Continuous-time agency the simulation sampling abundance is aerial abundant so there are no sampling effects.) Also, generally the absolute cardinal of $.25 accessible on the DAC interface (the advertised cardinal of bits) is greater than the ENOB.

What added questions do you accept about clay ADCs (and DACs) for arrangement simulation? Share your thoughts in the comments below.

DAC Analysis, Models, Simulation, Testing, and Specifications

[19] Wikner, J.J.; Nianxiang Tan, "Modeling of CMOS digital-to-analog converters for telecommunication," Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Agenda Arresting Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.46, no.5, pp.489,499, May 1999

[20] Angrisani, L.; D'Arco, M., "Modeling Timing Jitter Furnishings in Digital-to-Analog Converters," Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, vol.58, no.2, pp.330,336, Feb. 2009

[21] D'Apuzzo, M.; D'Arco, M.; Liccardo, A; Vadursi, M., "Modeling DAC Achievement Waveforms," Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, vol.59, no.11, pp.2854,2862, Nov. 2010

[22] Myderrizi, I; Zeki, A, "Current-Steering Digital-to-Analog Converters: Functional Specifications, Design Basics, and Behavioral Modeling," Antennas and Propagation Magazine, IEEE, vol.52, no.4, pp.197,208, Aug. 2010

[23] Sang Min Lee; Taleie, S.M.; Saripalli, G.R.; Dongwon Seo, "Clock-Phase-Noise-Induced TX Leakage Estimation of a Baseband Wireless Transmitter DAC," Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on , vol.59, no.5, pp.277,281, May 2012

[24] Naoues, M.; Morche, D.; Dehos, C.; Barrak, R.; Ghazel, A, "Novel behavioral DAC clay address for WirelessHD arrangement specification," Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, 2009. ICECS 2009. 16th IEEE International Conference on, vol., no., pp.543,546, 13-16 Dec. 2009

[25] Kitaek Bae; Changyong Shin; Powers, E.J., "Performance Analysis of OFDM Systems with Selected Mapping in the Presence of Nonlinearity," Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.12, no.5, pp.2314,2322, May 2013

[26] Ling, W.A, "Shaping Quantization Babble and Abridgement Distortion in Direct-Detection Discrete Multitone," Lightwave Technology, Journal of, vol.32, no.9, pp.1750,1758, May1, 2014

[27] Engel, G.; Fague, D.E.; Toledano, A, "RF digital-to-analog converters accredit absolute amalgam of communications signals," Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol.50, no.10, pp.108,116, October 2012

[28] Pearson, Chris; "High Speed, Agenda to Analog Converters Basics"; Texas Instruments Application Report SLAA523A; 2012

[29] Munson, Justin; "Understanding Aerial Speed DAC Testing and Evaluation"; Analog Devices Application Note AN-928; 2013

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